{
  "dataset": "nber-recessions",
  "title": "NBER US recession chronology",
  "source": "NBER recession dates via FRED (USREC)",
  "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/USREC",
  "licence": "US public-domain series. Not endorsed or certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.",
  "updated": "2026-08-16",
  "attribution": "Economicium (economicium.com), from the source named above.",
  "data": {
    "note": "Derived from USREC: a contiguous run of recession months is one recession. The 1854-12 record is left-censored, since the series opens partway through an undated downturn.",
    "source": "NBER via FRED (USREC)",
    "recessions": [
      {
        "start": "1854-12",
        "end": "1854-12",
        "months": 1
      },
      {
        "start": "1857-07",
        "end": "1858-12",
        "months": 18
      },
      {
        "start": "1860-11",
        "end": "1861-06",
        "months": 8
      },
      {
        "start": "1865-05",
        "end": "1867-12",
        "months": 32
      },
      {
        "start": "1869-07",
        "end": "1870-12",
        "months": 18
      },
      {
        "start": "1873-11",
        "end": "1879-03",
        "months": 65
      },
      {
        "start": "1882-04",
        "end": "1885-05",
        "months": 38
      },
      {
        "start": "1887-04",
        "end": "1888-04",
        "months": 13
      },
      {
        "start": "1890-08",
        "end": "1891-05",
        "months": 10
      },
      {
        "start": "1893-02",
        "end": "1894-06",
        "months": 17
      },
      {
        "start": "1896-01",
        "end": "1897-06",
        "months": 18
      },
      {
        "start": "1899-07",
        "end": "1900-12",
        "months": 18
      },
      {
        "start": "1902-10",
        "end": "1904-08",
        "months": 23
      },
      {
        "start": "1907-06",
        "end": "1908-06",
        "months": 13
      },
      {
        "start": "1910-02",
        "end": "1912-01",
        "months": 24
      },
      {
        "start": "1913-02",
        "end": "1914-12",
        "months": 23
      },
      {
        "start": "1918-09",
        "end": "1919-03",
        "months": 7
      },
      {
        "start": "1920-02",
        "end": "1921-07",
        "months": 18
      },
      {
        "start": "1923-06",
        "end": "1924-07",
        "months": 14
      },
      {
        "start": "1926-11",
        "end": "1927-11",
        "months": 13
      },
      {
        "start": "1929-09",
        "end": "1933-03",
        "months": 43
      },
      {
        "start": "1937-06",
        "end": "1938-06",
        "months": 13
      },
      {
        "start": "1945-03",
        "end": "1945-10",
        "months": 8
      },
      {
        "start": "1948-12",
        "end": "1949-10",
        "months": 11
      },
      {
        "start": "1953-08",
        "end": "1954-05",
        "months": 10
      },
      {
        "start": "1957-09",
        "end": "1958-04",
        "months": 8
      },
      {
        "start": "1960-05",
        "end": "1961-02",
        "months": 10
      },
      {
        "start": "1970-01",
        "end": "1970-11",
        "months": 11
      },
      {
        "start": "1973-12",
        "end": "1975-03",
        "months": 16
      },
      {
        "start": "1980-02",
        "end": "1980-07",
        "months": 6
      },
      {
        "start": "1981-08",
        "end": "1982-11",
        "months": 16
      },
      {
        "start": "1990-08",
        "end": "1991-03",
        "months": 8
      },
      {
        "start": "2001-04",
        "end": "2001-11",
        "months": 8
      },
      {
        "start": "2008-01",
        "end": "2009-06",
        "months": 18
      },
      {
        "start": "2020-03",
        "end": "2020-04",
        "months": 2
      }
    ]
  }
}